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Well Water Pre-treatment
Well water is by far the most commonly used source of water for most civil and industrial applications where there is large availability of water in aquifers at low depth from the ground level.
Well water is roughly defined by the following characteristics:
- The salinity is strictly dependant upon the chemical composition of the soil with which water is in contact. The Dissolved Solids content could be in the range 50 - 5,000 ppm
- Since there is no contact with air, well water is normally characterised by a low presence of micro-organisms, bacteria, algae, fungi.
- Turbidity and suspended solids are normally in the lowest range but concentration could rise if water is extracted just after the drilling of the well or in case the aquifer lowers due to excessive water suction.
- The presence of oils and organics in the well water is normally not likely to occur unless there is a possible source of contamination.
Following the above concepts, treatment of well water may consist of a sequence of different stages.
Basically water treatment may consist of filtration by means of media filters in order to effectively remove the suspended solids.
When large capacities are required, filtration can be performed by means of self-backwashing gravity filters. These filters are energy saving since filtration is done by gravity and in the control of the plant. The plant is in fact hydraulically operated without instrumentation, pumps and control panels.
The efficiency of filtration can be enhanced by use of chemical agents (coagulation agents or filter aids) that promote the solid particles to coalesce and further grow.
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters are effective in the removal of organics and could be moreover useful to perform the removal of free chlorine in case chlorination is done to achieve the disinfection of the feed water.
When the dissolved solids content is too high to enable any industrial or civil use, a desalination process could be implemented by means of the reverse osmosis technology. This is particularly true when well water may be contaminated by salts originated by sea water at close distance from the aquifer.
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