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Surface Water Pre-treatment
Surface water from rivers or lakes is the most variable source of raw water and the most easily accessible.
Even though the salinity is normally moderately low because of reduced contact with the soil, it happens sometimes that water treatment plants located on rivers estuaries have to face important sea water reflux thus highly affecting the salinity of the feed water.
In a river, in particular, turbidity and the content of micro-organisms could be impressively affected by seasonal variations or storm conditions.
Following the above concepts, treatment of surface water may consist of a sequence of different stages.
Basically water treatment may consist of chemical physical treatment with coagulation and flocculation in order to destabilise and precipitate colloids and solids into gravity settlers.
Chemical physical treatment is normally followed by filtration on media filters in order to effectively remove the residual suspended solids.
When large capacities are required, filtration can be performed by means of self-backwashing gravity filters. These filters are energy saving since filtration is done by gravity and in the control of the plant. The plant is in fact hydraulically operated without instrumentation, pumps and control panels.
The efficiency of filtration can be enhanced by use of chemical agents (coagulation agents or filter aids) that promote the solid particles to coalesce and further grow.
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Filters are effective in the removal of organics and could be moreover useful to perform the removal of free chlorine in case chlorination is done to achieve the disinfection of the feed water.
Ultrafiltration may be a valid alternative to the Chemical physical unit because of the high potential of retaining suspended solids, bacteria and high-MW hydrocarbons.
When the dissolved solids content is too high to enable any industrial or civil use, a desalination process could be implemented by means of the reverse osmosis technology. This is particularly true when well water may be contaminated by salts originated by sea water at close distance from the aquifer.
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